护坡垫层渗透系数对面层波浪上举力的影响

在工程应用中,对于波浪作用下的护岸工程,护坡通常采用面层-垫层-堤心土的设计模式,其垫层一般采用反滤层结构。但在实际工程中垫层结构往往被简化,直接将土工布铺设在砂层上。通过理论分析和模型试验,主要针对这种垫层结构在波浪作用下所受的影响进行了研究,得出了结论：当面层渗透系数小于垫层渗透系数时,在垫层内部会产生对面层的上举力,从而可能引起面层失稳。该成果对类似工程有一定的借鉴作用。     

螺旋桨低频宽带噪声影响参数研究与流—声多目标优化设计

文章以谱方法为理论基础,以条带法为数值求解方法,针对Sears力响应函数引入厚度修正,建立了螺旋桨低频宽带噪声理论预报方法.通过对比10叶模型螺旋桨水筒试验数据,验证了厚度修正的效果,厚度修正后总声级误差由2 dB减少至1.1 dB.文中利用厚度修正后的预报方法,从三个层次六个方面对影响螺旋桨低频宽带噪声的参数进行研究,并实现了流-声多目标优化设计:(1)单个螺旋桨影响参数灵敏度分析:①外半径型值对总声级影响较大,而内半径几乎没有影响.②利用Sobol灵敏度分析法对两个不同叶数螺旋桨的流场参数和螺旋桨参数进行研究发现:不同桨叶下各参数影响因子几乎一致,来流速度对于螺旋桨低频宽带总声级有最大贡献,约为30％的正效应,其次是湍流度约为22％的正效应,而湍流积分长度仅占7％的负效应.(2)单个螺旋桨流—声多目标优化设计研究:以NSGA-Ⅱ为优化算法,结合非定常面元法和低频宽带噪声预报方法,实现流-声多目标优化设计.(3)多个螺旋桨相对关系稳健性分析:对不同螺旋桨低频宽带噪声相对关系稳健性进行研究,分析湍流积分长度和湍流度变化的影响.该文的研究成果为下一步将低频宽带噪声纳入螺旋桨设计考核指标奠定了理论基础.     

旋转车轮对汽车外部复杂流场的影响

车轮影响着整个汽车的外流场特性,车体周围的流场由于旋转车轮的存在而复杂化。通过对带有车轮的汽车模型进行数值模拟计算．比较无车轮、静止车轮和旋转车轮的计算结果,得到旋转车轮对汽车的尾涡结构、气动阻力和气动升力有重要影响。车轮在汽车外部复杂流场的数值计算中不能被忽略。     

灰色理论在斜拉桥索力状态评估中的应用

该文基于灰色系统中的灰色关联分析理论,建立了斜拉桥索面索力状态评估方法,并以某斜拉桥索力实测值为例进行计算分析,计算中将三种不同情况下的索力值作为灰色关联分析中的参考序列,进行对比分析。结果表明,灰色关联分析方法可较好地应用于斜拉桥索力状态评估;若能考虑混凝土收缩徐变等影响,则以优化索力作为灰色关联分析参考序列的评估结果能更好地反映索力实际状态。     

大口径长距离土压平衡式顶管施工技术

我国管道工程施工采用的顶管设备大多有三种类型：Ф1500mm以下用泥水平衡式顶管设备;Ф1500mm以上大多采用土压平衡式顶管设备;Ф2600mm至Ф3000mm为大口径顶管,在一般情况下,超过Ф3000mm应采用盾构机施工。该文以天津市某人防工程的顶管施工技术为例,指出：大口径长距离采用土压平衡式顶管施工,应保证提高整体施工效率,充分发挥设备技术潜能。     

A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

On the implementation of an auxiliary pantograph for speed increase on existing lines

The contact between pantograph and catenary at high speeds suffers from high dynamic contact force variation due to stiffness variations and wave propagation. To increase operational speed on an existing catenary system, especially for soft catenary systems, technical upgrading is usually necessary. Therefore, it is desirable to explore a more practical and cost-saving method to increase the operational speed. Based on a 3D pantograph–catenary finite element model, a parametric study on two-pantograph operation with short spacing distances at high speeds shows that, although the performance of the leading pantograph gets deteriorated, the trailing pantograph feels an improvement if pantographs are spaced at a proper distance. Then, two main positive effects, which can cause the improvement, are addressed. Based on a discussion on wear mechanisms, this paper suggests to use the leading pantograph as an auxiliary pantograph, which does not conduct any electric current, to minimise additional wear caused by the leading pantograph. To help implementation and achieve further improvement under this working condition, this paper investigates cases with optimised uplift force on the leading pantograph and with system parameter deviations. The results show that the two positive effects still remain even with some system parameter deviations. About 30% of speed increase should be possibly achieved still sustaining a good dynamic performance with help of the optimised uplift force.     

新常态下广东省交通科技创新制度体系总体设计研究

制度创新是科技创新的保障,没有制度创新,科技创新就无从依附。从国家科技体制改革的背景下出发,通过分析国家、地方和行业科技创新政策和广东省交通科技体制的现状,采用基于全生命周期的制度构建方法,设计了新常态下与广东省未来交通科技发展的目标和需求、科技创新主要服务内容、科技创新主体相适应的科技创新制度体系总体构架,为广东省交通行业的科技创新体制改革、激发科技创新活动构建有利的创新制度环境奠定基础。     

船舶靠绑作业系统试验模拟与测试技术

风浪作用下船舶系泊靠绑进行补给、救生与货物转运等作业是一个非常复杂的过程,在波浪水池中进行模型试验,了解靠绑作业系统的运动和受力特性,必须考虑每一个细节.本文针对系泊靠绑模型试验,重点介绍了缆绳、碰垫非线性弹性特性和系泊缆绳上补偿力模拟与测试方法,以及靠绑船舶的运动响应测试,并给出了部分模型试验结果.从模拟的缆绳和碰垫弹性曲线及系泊缆绳上补偿力试验结果来看,文中所用的缆绳、碰垫和缆绳上补偿力模拟方法是成功的,非接触式光学运动测量系统能方便地进行靠绑船舶运动响应测试,可以应用于今后其他类似模型试验中去.     

潜艇内波波迹——航空猎潜的新对象

阐明航空猎潜新的标的物-潜艇自生内波组成的庞大水下锥形扰动水体及其水面映波被机载SAR探测到的可能性.并列举中国船舶科学研究中心的近期工作.